星空科学探索频道: 七月 2013

2013年7月31日星期三

Raspberry Pi cooks up the Picrowave Raspberry Pi Gadget Master

2013/07/31

Raspberry Pi microwave How does the saying go – “Set a thief to catch a thief”? Well, this one caught my eye – use a Raspberry Pi to cook a Raspberry pie! It’s a Pi-powered Microwave, that knows how to cook your food and that even talks to you.

It was highlighted on the element14.com website, and is the work of one Nathan Broadbent. He was inspired by a post on Reddit, titled: Food items should have QR codes that instruct the microwave exactly what to do. Like high for 2 minutes, let stand 1 minute, medium 1 minutes…

He took this as a challenge, and – armed with a Raspberry Pi – went to work…

But what can a Pi can bring to electromagnetic radiation-based cooking? Well, added features of the “Picrowave” that he lists include:

Re-designed touchpad
Nicer sounds
Clock is automatically updated from the internet
Can be controlled with voice commands
Can use a barcode scanner to look up cooking instructions from an online database
There weren’t any online microwave cooking databases around, so I made one: http://microwavecookingdb.com
The microwave has a web page so you can control it from your phone (why not), and set up cooking instructions for products
Tweets after it’s finished cooking something (See https://twitter.com/rbmicrowave)

Check it out in action below:

Also, do see his website, the Raspberry Pi Microwave section. There is a lot of detailed information, including a look at the PCB, how he dealt with the old touchpad overlay, his management of registeers, using the WiringPi library, and much more…

For example, Nathan writes:

I used shift registers and optocouplers to control the touchpad pins. To listen for touchpad presses, an output shift register scans one line at a time on the first touchpad layer, and an input shift register listens for connections to the second layer.
I unsoldered the touchpad connector from the original circuit board, and replaced it with a row of pin headers. I then used the original touchpad connector on my PCB, so that my circuit acts as a kind of proxy for button presses.

Hide, ambush, kill, eat: The giant water bug Lethocerus patruelis kills a fish

Lethocerus patruelis is a member of the family Belostomatidae also known as electric light bugs or toe biters. These bugs are fierce predators which stalk, capture and feed on aquatic crustaceans, fish and amphibians. When they strike, they inject strong digestive saliva, sucking out the liquefied remains to feed. This powerful hunting tool gave the family its common name, referring to the extremely painful bite from the Belostomatidae members. Their bite is considered one of the most painful that can be ever inflicted by any insect but it is of no medical significance.

During their study of the giant water bug N. Simov and M. Langourov from the study team had the unique chance to witness and record on video the vicious predatory practices of the species. In the recorded material, a larva uses the stems of a water plant to stalk and ambush its unsuspicious pray. The giant water bug larva can be seen storming from its cover and catching and injecting saliva into a small fish.

During the last ten years, many new findings of L. patruelis were made by the team in Southern Bulgaria, providing evidence that the giant water bug is expanding its territory northwards. Such a wide and abundant distribution of the species in these regions would be a further sign of the recent changes of European bug fauna caused by climate change and an important clue for the effects of global warming.

Video: http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/59841.php?from=245631

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Could planting trees in the desert mitigate climate change?

July 31, 2013 — As the world starts feeling the effects of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and consequent global temperature rise, researchers are looking for a Plan B to mitigate climate change. A group of German scientists has now come up with an environmentally friendly method that they say could do just that. The technique, dubbed carbon farming, consists in planting trees in arid regions on a large scale to capture CO₂.

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They publish their study today in Earth System Dynamics, a journal of the European Geosciences Union (EGU).

"Carbon farming addresses the root source of climate change: the emission of carbon dioxide by human activities," says first-author Klaus Becker of the University of Hohenheim in Stuttgart.

"Nature does it better," adds Becker's colleague Volker Wulfmeyer, "if we understand and can make use of it in a sustainable manner."

When it comes to sequestering carbon from the atmosphere, the team shows that Jatropha curcas does it better. This small tree is very resistant to aridity so it can be planted in hot and dry land in soil unsuitable for food production. The plant does need water to grow though, so coastal areas where desalinated seawater can be made available are ideal.

"To our knowledge, this is the first time experts in irrigation, desalination, carbon sequestration, economics and atmospheric sciences have come together to analyse the feasibility of a large-scale plantation to capture carbon dioxide in a comprehensive manner. We did this by applying a series of computer models and using data from Jatropha curcas plantations in Egypt, India and Madagascar," says Wulfmeyer.

The new Earth System Dynamics study shows that one hectare of Jatropha curcas could capture up to 25 tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year, over a 20 year period. A plantation taking up only about 3% of the Arabian Desert, for example, could absorb in a couple of decades all the CO₂.produced by motor vehicles in Germany over the same period. With about one billion hectares suitable for carbon farming, the method could sequester a significant portion of the CO₂.added to the atmosphere since the industrial revolution.

But there are more advantages. Carbon farming's price tag ranges from 42 to 63 euros per tonne of CO₂. making it competitive with other CO₂.reduction techniques such as carbon capture and storage. Further, after a few years, the plants would produce bioenergy (in the form of tree trimmings) to support the power production required for the desalination and irrigation systems.

"From our point of view, afforestation as a geoengineering option for carbon sequestration is the most efficient and environmentally safe approach for climate change mitigation. Vegetation has played a key role in the global carbon cycle for millions of years, in contrast to many technical and very expensive geoengineering techniques," explains Becker.

The main limitations to implementing this method are lack of funding and little knowledge of the benefits large-scale plantations could have in the regional climate, which can include increase of cloud coverage and rainfall. The newEarth System Dynamics paper presents results of simulations looking into these aspects, but there is still a lack of experimental data on the effects of greening arid regions. Also, potential detrimental effects such as the accumulation of salt in desert soils need to be evaluated carefully.

The team hopes the new research will get enough people informed about carbon farming to establish a pilot project. "We strongly recommend more emphasis is put on this technology -- at both small and large scales -- and that more research is done to investigate its benefits in comparison to other geoengineering approaches," concludes Wulfmeyer.

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Business Booming NAND compensates for rotten PC and TV sales at Toshiba

2013/07/31

Declining PC and TV markets are being compensated for by booming NAND sales at Toshiba

Toshiba made only $248 million profit in calendar Q2 on sales of $14 billion.

Whereas Toshiba’s TV and PC businesses lost a combined $183 million in Q2, NAND made a profit of $488 million.

Toshiba still expects to make $2.6 billion profit in the year to the end of March 2014.

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Polar ecosystems acutely vulnerable to sunlight-driven tipping points

July 31, 2013 — Slight changes in the timing of the annual loss of sea-ice in polar regions could have dire consequences for polar ecosystems, by allowing a lot more sunlight to reach the sea floor.

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The research by scientists at UNSW and the Australian Antarctic Division predicts that biodiversity on some areas of the polar seabed could be reduced by as much as one third within decades, as the poles warm.

The study, Light-driven tipping points in polar ecosystems, will be published in the journal Global Change Biology.

Dr Graeme Clark, of the UNSW School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, says the team's research shows that polar ecosystems may be even more sensitive to climate change than previously thought.

"Even a slight shift in the date of the annual sea-ice departure could cause a tipping point, leading to widespread ecosystem shifts. On the Antarctic coast this may cause unique, invertebrate-dominated communities that are adapted to the dark conditions to be replaced by algal beds, which thrive on light, significantly reducing biodiversity," Dr Clark says.

The invertebrates lost could include sponges, moss animals, sea squirts and worms. These animals perform important functions such as filtering of water and recycling of nutrients and provide a food source for fish and other creatures.

"This is a prime example of the large-scale ecological impacts that humans can impose through global warming -- even in places as remote as Antarctica," says UNSW team member, Associate Professor Emma Johnston.

"Our modelling shows that recent changes in ice and snow cover at the poles have already transformed the amount of light reaching large areas of the Arctic and Antarctic annually."

For the study, the team deployed light meters on the sea floor at seven sites near Casey Station in Antarctica, at depths of up to 10 metres. They used cameras to photograph the coast at midday every day for two and a half years, to determine sea-ice cover.

They determined the growth rates of Antarctic algae in the lab in different light conditions, and conducted experiments in Antarctic waters to test the sensitivity of algae to available light. They also surveyed species living on sub-tidal boulders, to see how communities varied with ice cover.

Tipping points are events where small changes in environmental conditions cause rapid and extensive ecological change.

The amount of sunlight reaching the poles is highly dependent on the seasons because Earth's tilt causes the sun to be above the horizon for considerably longer during summer than winter, and the lower solar angle during winter increases reflectance from the water surface.

"Early melt that brings the date of sea-ice loss closer to midsummer will cause an exponential increase in the amount of sunlight reaching some areas per year," says Dr Clark.

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Inorganics-in-organics technology improves harvesting for 4G solar energy University of Surrey Universities - Electronics Research

July 31, 2013

Professor Ravi Silva The University of Surrey is reporting on a development that “opens the door for more efficient, cost-effective and larger scale solar power generation“.

Professor Ravi Silva, of the university’s Advanced Technology Institute has identified the range of combinations of organic and inorganic materials that will underpin new 4th generation solar cell technology.

According to their report:

The new 4G solar cells defined by Professor Silva are a hybrid that combine the low cost and flexibility of conducting polymer films (organic materials) with the lifetime stability of novel nanostructures (inorganic materials). This ‘inorganics-in-organics’ technology improves the harvesting of solar energy and its conversion into electricity, offering better efficiency than the current 3G solar cells while maintaining their low cost base. In turn, these 3G cells offer significant cost improvements on first and second generation solar cells – based on crystalline and polycrystalline silicon – which are still responsible for over 90% of the solar power being generated today.
Along with a number of notable research institutions, the University of Surrey is part of the European Union FP7 SMARTONICS programme – a €11.6m project led by the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. This project is currently developing the smart machines, tools and processes for large-scale production of 4G solar cells, using roll-to-roll printing technology for high throughput and cost-efficient fabrication.

Professor Ravi Silva outlined the new 4G technology in a keynote address at the 10th International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NN13). He said: “These new generation materials for solar cells have been truly engineered at the nanoscale. They are designed to maximise the harvesting of solar radiation, and thereby efficiently generate electricity.”

The university also highlights the falling cost of solar electricity. In many parts of the world, he maintained, it now competes with grid electricity in terms of cost, and since it requires less infrastructure, solar power can also be used in areas where conventional electricity is not an option.

You can find Professor Silva’s 4G solar cell review article in the Nanoscale journal (DOI: 10.1039/C3NR02733C).

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Two pin crowbar protects from open circuit strings Driver Led Luminaries

2013/07/31

07aug13OnLed For protecting drivers when an LED goes open circuit, NUD4700 from On Semi is a 2x4mm electronic shunt, claming to clamp to 1V in what looks like less than 100ns, according to the data sheet.

As well as protecting the driver, it will keep the rest of a string of LEDs functioning.

“It provides a current bypass in the case of a single LED going into open circuit. LEDs are by nature quite fragile when subjected to transients and surge conditions. There are also many cases where high reliability of the LED lighting must be maintained such as headlights, lighthouses, bridges, aircraft, runways and so forth. In these cases the low cost addition of the NUD4700 will provide full assurance that an entire string of LEDs will not extinguish should one LED fail,” said the firm.

This device is designed to be used with 1W LEDs (nominally 350mA 3V) and has a breakdown voltage of between 5.5 and 7.5V.

On a 26x26mm copper pad, which can be shared with the LED as only one of them will be dissipating at any moment, the chip is rated up to 1.3A – or 376mA on a minimal copper site.

“Since the NUD4700 has a voltage that is nominally 30% of the LED, then the power dissipation would be easily handled by the same heat sink as the LED,” said On.

Also according to the data sheet, the chip “automatically resets itself if the LED heals itself or is replaced”, but exactly how this works is not obvious from the various hold current and hold voltage figures provided.

Parasitic current leakage when the LED is working properly is 250µA.

The firm also expects the chip to be used as a crowbar to protect sensitive circuits.

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Sign up for the Made By Monkeys newsletter Uncategorized Made By Monkeys

2013/07/31

Don’t forget that you can sign up for the Made By Monkeys newsletter to ensure you receive the latest and greatest posts, straight to your inbox!

Signing up only takes a second – simply edit your account settings to check the ‘Made by Monkeys’ box – and then you can sit back and we do the rest.

The mail is sent fortnightly, on alternating Wednesdays, at around 11.00am GMT. Don’t miss out!

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Texas Instruments writes Bluetooth Smart SensorTag app for Android Features Eyes On Android

2013/07/31

TI CC2541-based SensorTag Texas Instruments has announced a Bluetooth Smart SensorTag app for Android. Android 4.3 “Jelly Bean” now has native support of Bluetooth Smart Ready.

It has been designed to work with TI’s CC2541-basedSensorTag, which has six commonly used sensors on a single board for evaluation and demos.

“The addition of Bluetooth Smart support in Android 4.3 is a huge growth opportunity for the market, making it possible for Bluetooth Smart appcessories to workwith all OSs,” said Suke Jawanda, chief marketing officer, Bluetooth SIG.

The SensorTag’s six integrated sensors include the TMP006 contactless IR temperature sensor, and there is a royalty-free BLE-Stack software which works with the SensorTag with firmware updates.

Download the free SensorTag app for Android 4.3 on the TI website »

The SensorTag kit (CC2541DK-SENSOR) costs $25 and is available on the TI eStore and from distributors.

Also, see TI’s own guide: How to get started with Bluetooth Smart for Android 4.3 »

Richard Wilson

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How did Earth's primitive chemistry get kick started?

Two papers published recently in the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B provide more detail on the chemical and precursor metabolic reactions that have to take place to pave the pathway for life. Russell and his co-authors describe how the interactions between the earliest oceans and alkaline hydrothermal fluids likely produced acetate (comparable to vinegar). The acetate is a product of methane and hydrogen from the alkaline hydrothermal vents and carbon dioxide dissolved in the surrounding ocean. Once this early chemical pathway was forged, acetate could become the basis of other biological molecules. They also describe how two kinds of "nano-engines" that create organic carbon and polymers -- energy currency of the first cells -- could have been assembled from inorganic minerals.

A paper published in the journal Biochimica et Biophysica Acta analyzes the structural similarity between the most ancient enzymes of life and minerals precipitated at these alkaline vents, an indication that the first life didn't have to invent its first catalysts and engines.

"Our work on alkaline hot springs on the ocean floor makes what we believe is the most plausible case for the origin of the life's building blocks and its energy supply," Russell said. "Our hypothesis is testable, has the right assortment of ingredients and obeys the laws of thermodynamics."

Russell's work was funded by the NASA Astrobiology Institute through the Icy Worlds team based at JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena. The NASA Astrobiology Institute, based at NASA's Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif., is a partnership among NASA, 15 U.S. teams and 13 international consortia. The Institute is part of NASA's astrobiology program, which supports research into the origin, evolution, distribution and future of life on Earth and the potential for life elsewhere.

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Printing silver onto fibers could pave the way for flexible, wearable electronics

Scientists at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), the UK's National Measurement Institute, have developed a way to print silver directly onto fibres. This new technique could make integrating electronics into all types of clothing simple and practical. This has many potential applications in sports, health, medicine, consumer electronics and fashion.

Most current plans for wearable electronics require weaving conductive materials into fabrics, which offer limited flexibility and can only be achieved when integrated into the design of the clothing from the start. NPL's technique could allow lightweight circuits to be printed directly onto complete garments.

Silver coated fibres created using this technique are flexible and stretchable, meaning circuits can be easily printed onto many different types of fabric, including wool which is knitted in tight loops.

The technique involves chemically bonding a nano‐silver layer onto individual fibres to a thickness of 20 nm. The conductive silver layer fully encapsulates fibres and has good adhesion and excellent conductivity.

Chris Hunt, Project Lead, says: "The technique has many potential applications. One particularly exciting area is wearable sensors and antennas which could be used for monitoring, for example checking on patients and vulnerable people; data capture and feedback for soldiers in the field; and performance monitoring in sports. It offers particular benefits over the 'weaving in' approach, as the conductive pattern and flexibility ensures that sensors are always positioned in the same location on the body."

The technique could also create opportunities in fashion and consumer technology, such as incorporating LED lighting into clothing or having touch-screens on shirt sleeves.

In addition, silver has antibacterial properties, opening up opportunities for medical applications such as wound dressings, face masks, long lasting anti-bacterial wipes, and military clothing.

Having successfully shown that the additive technique is viable in the lab, NPL is now looking for funding or collaborators to develop a full printed circuit on a textile, which can be tested for flexibility and robustness, for example by putting it through the wash. Once this has been successfully achieved, the scientists will then look to develop prototypes of practical applications.

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Aquatic playground can turn water tanks into fish schools

July 30, 2013 — Raising fish in tanks that contain hiding places and other obstacles can make the fish both smarter and improve their chances of survival when they are released into the wild, according to an international team of researchers.

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"It's a key problem in that we are very good at rearing fish, but we're really not very good at releasing those animals in the wild such that they survive," said Victoria Braithwaite, professor of fisheries and biology, Penn State. "There's a mismatch between the way we raise them and the real world."

Juvenile Atlantic salmon raised in tanks that including pebble and rock hiding places and floating artificial plants were better able to navigate mazes and showed signs of improved brain function compared to the salmon reared in standard hatchery tanks, Braithwaite said. This may help conservation fish hatcheries raise and release fish that are better adapted to survive in the wild.

Conservation fish hatcheries raise cod, salmon, trout and other types of fish and release them in places where their species may be threatened, or where their populations are declining.

"The philosophy of most fish hatcheries is to rear a large number of fish and hope some survive," said Braithwaite. "What this study is suggesting is that you could raise fewer, but smarter fish, and you will still have higher survivability once you release them."

The researchers, who released their findings today (July 31) in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, placed pebbles and rocks at the bottom of the tank and added plastic plants weighted down so they would float vertically in the water. Braithwaite said the objects created a more natural, three-dimensional ecosystem.

"In the hatchery the world is homogenous, life is boring and monotonous," Braithwaite said. "The water flow is the same, you don't have to find your food and you don't have to avoid predators."

The researchers also moved the objects around about once a week during the eight-week study, which took place in Norway.

When the researchers placed the salmon in a maze, the fish raised in the enriched tanks made fewer mistakes when trying to escape the maze, Braithwaite said. The performance of the salmon from the enriched tank continued to improve with each trial, and they learned to solve the maze much faster than fish reared the standard way.

The brains of the fish from the enriched tank were also different from the fish raised in the standard hatchery tanks, according to the researchers.

They noted increased expressions of a gene in a region of the fish's brain that is associated with learning and memory, an indication of increased brain function and growth. The fish raised in standard tanks did not show this sign of increased brain development.

Interacting with the environment can influence gene expression in the brain, Braithwaite said.

"The brain is a very plastic organ, it's a dynamic structure," said Braithwaite, who worked with Ann Gro Vea Salvanes, professor of biology; Olav

Moberg, doctoral student; Tome Ole Nilsen, researcher in marine development biology; Knut Helge Jensen, senior engineer in evolutionary ecology, all at the University of Bergen, Norway; and Lars O.E. Ebbesson, group leader of integrative fish biology, Uni Research, Bergen. Braithwaite said the enriched tanks created significant improvement in the intelligence and adaptability of the fish, but were relatively inexpensive and easy to implement. Owners of fish hatcheries should be able to afford the creation of enhanced tanks.

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